Debt-equity ratio is a measure of leverage, indicating proportion of company's total capital contributed by secured and unsecured debt. A high debt-equity ratio, generally 2:1 and above, is not considered favourable for companies. Also, this ratio varies from industry to industry.



Debt-equity ratio = Secured + Unsecured debt

Shareholders Funds


E.g.: As on 31st March 2010, company had secured loan of Rs. 70 crore, unsecured loan of Rs. 30 crore, shareholders funds (equity and reserves) of Rs. 200 crore.



Debt-equity ratio = 70 + 30

200



Debt-equity ratio = 0.5:1

Source: sptulsian.com

The brokers have to maintain a database of their clients, for which you have to fill client registration form. In case of individual client registration, you have to broadly provide following information:


•Permanent Account Number (PAN), which has been made mandatory for all the investors participating in the securities market.
•Your name, date of birth, photograph, address, educational qualifications, occupation, residential status(Resident Indian/ NRI/others)
•Bank and depository account details
•If you are registered with any other broker, then the name of broker and concerned Stock exchange and Client Code Number.

For proof of address (any one of the following):

•Passport
•Voter ID
•Driving license
•Bank Passbook
•Rent Agreement
•Ration Card
•Flat Maintenance Bill
•Telephone Bill
•Electricity Bill
•Insurance Policy

Each client has to use one registration form. In case of joint names /family members, a separate form has to be submitted for each person.

In case of Corporate Client, following information has to be provided:
•Name, address of the Company/Firm
•Date of incorporation and date of commencement of business.
•Registration number(with ROC, SEBI or any government authority)
•Details of PAN
•Details of Promoters/Partners/Key managerial Personnel of the Company/Firm in specified format.
•Bank and Depository Account Details
•Copies of the balance sheet for the last 2 financial years (copies of annual balance sheet to be submitted every year)
•Copy of latest share holding pattern including list of all those holding more than 5% in the share capital of the company, duly certified by the Company Secretary / Whole time Director/MD. (copy of updated shareholding pattern to be submitted every year)
•Copies of the Memorandum and Articles of Association in case of a company / body corporate, partnership deed in case of a partnership firm
•Copy of the Resolution of board of directors' approving participation in equity / derivatives / debt trading and naming authorized persons for dealing in securities.
•Photographs of Partners/Whole time directors, individual promoters holding 5% or more, either directly or indirectly, in the shareholding of the company and of persons authorized to deal in securities.
•If registered with any other broker, then the name of broker and concerned Stock exchange and Client Code Number.

Right of first refusal, abbreviated as ROFR, is the right of a person (investor) or company to purchase something before the offering is made available to others. If an investor /PE fund plans to exit the company, it is obliged to give the promoters or existing shareholders, an opportunity to buy the shares held by the PE before selling the same to a third party.

There are other rights for minority shareholders, such as:

Tag along right - contractual obligation which protects a minority shareholder in case the majority / promoter is selling out. Minority shareholder can compel stake sale of his stake along with the majority / promoter.

Drag along right – contractual right with minority shareholder to force the majority shareholder / promoter to join in the sale of the company. If minority shareholder is selling-out, it can compel majority shareholder / promoter to compulsorily offer their stake as well.

Source: sptulsian.com

It is to be distinctly understood that submission of offer document to SEBI should not in any way be deemed or construed that the same has been cleared or approved by SEBI. The Lead manager certifies that the disclosures made in the offer document are generally adequate and are in conformity with SEBI guidelines for disclosures and investor protection in force for the time being. This requirement is to facilitate investors to take an informed decision for making investment in the proposed issue.

Put option gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given future date.

For e.g.: Buying 1 put option of ONGC 1250 30Dec2010 comprising 250 equity shares for Rs. 15 per put, will give the buyer the right to sell 250 ONGC shares on or before 30th December 2010 at Rs. 1,250 per share, irrespective of the share price (in cash market). Since it is only a right and no obligation to sell, the buyer can let this right lapse, which will be the case when ONGC share price is more than Rs. 1,250 in cash market. In the above case, loss is limited to Rs. 15 while the gains are unlimited to the buyer.

Rs. 15 paid is termed as option premium or the cost of purchasing 1 put option containing the pre-determined quantity of the underlying i.e. 250 ONGC equity shares.

Selling a put option gives the seller the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given future date, when the right is exercised by the buyer. For a seller of put option, profit is limited to the premium earned while loss it unlimited, as the buyer can exercise his put option anytime till the expiry of contract.

Source: sptulsian.com

A broker is a member of a recognized stock exchange, who is permitted to do trades on the screen-based trading system of different stock exchanges. He is enrolled as a member with the concerned exchange and is registered with SEBI.

Yes.

Outstanding litigations and material developments, litigations involving the company and its subsidiaries, promoters and group companies are disclosed. Also material developments since the last balance sheet date, government approvals/licensing arrangements, investment approvals (FIPB/RBI etc.), all government and other approvals, technical approvals, indebtedness, etc. are disclosed.

For a public issue, you can know the status by calling the registrar (you will know about the registrar on the Highlights Page of the issue) after 30 to 40 days from the closing date of the issue. However, in a book building issue, you can know the status by calling the registrar after 20 days from the closing date.

Bonus shares are shares issued by the companies to their shareholders free of cost by capitalization of accumulated reserves from the profits earned in the earlier years.